Indigenous Peoples: First Nations, Metis and Inuit
First Nations, Metis, and Inuit: the three groups of Indigenous peoples recognized in Canada, explained for the citizenship test.
Indigenous peoples were the first inhabitants of Canada. The Constitution recognizes three groups of Aboriginal peoples: First Nations, Metis, and Inuit. Each has its own history, cultures, and traditions.
The three groups of Indigenous peoples
First Nations were among the earliest peoples to live across what is now Canada, with many distinct nations and languages. The Metis are a distinct people of mixed First Nations and European ancestry, and many speak Michif. The Inuit live mainly in the Arctic North, a land they have known for thousands of years.
Facts to remember for the test
- Indigenous peoples were the first inhabitants of Canada.
- The Constitution recognizes three groups: First Nations, Metis, and Inuit.
- The Metis have both First Nations and European ancestry; many speak Michif.
- The Inuit live mainly in the Arctic North.
- Treaties were signed between the Crown and many First Nations.
Treaties and a difficult history
Over time, treaties were signed between the Crown and many First Nations. These agreements set out how land was shared and created lasting responsibilities. Understanding treaties helps explain the relationship between Indigenous peoples and the Canadian government.
It is also important to remember, respectfully, a difficult part of this history. Many Indigenous children were harmed by the residential school system, which separated them from their families and cultures. The government of Canada has acknowledged this as a wrong and has apologized.
Why this matters for the test
The test often asks you to name the three groups of Indigenous peoples or to explain who the Metis are. Place these peoples within the Canadian history timeline, then go further with the guide Canada Explained.
To lock in these ideas, review chapter by chapter in our learning section.
Frequently asked questions
What are the three groups of Indigenous peoples in Canada? The Constitution recognizes three groups of Aboriginal peoples: First Nations, Metis, and Inuit.
Who are the Metis? The Metis are a distinct people of mixed First Nations and European ancestry. Many Metis speak Michif.
Where do the Inuit live? The Inuit live mainly in the Arctic North of Canada.